@article {cupienniusbarth,
	title = {Taxonomische Revision der Gattung Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Arachnida: Araneae: Ctenidae)},
	journal = {Senckenbergiana Biologica},
	volume = {65},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {329-372},
	abstract = {<p>So far the genus Cupiennius is represented by 21 nominal species. All the type specimens available as well as further collected material, amounting to a total of 533 adult specimens, were examined. The characteristic features of the genus are: a) the presence of a third claw on the plantula, b) the presence of claw tufts, c) the shape of these claw tufts, d) the structure of the copulatory organs, and e) the circular shape of the anterior lateral eyes. Seven species could be distinguished morphologically. These are C. getazi, coccineus, salei, foliatus, granadensis, cubae and panamensis n. sp., which has been overlooked and is described here. Three species are excluded from the genus, which is justified on the basis of both their original descriptions as well as their places of origin. These species are: argentinus, celerrirnus and diploccllatus. The remaining species are distinguished mainly by the structure of their genital organs. These differ with respect to the terminal region of the d bulbi and the internal (dorsal) structure of the Y epigynae. In C. getazi the pattern formed by the folium and the coloration of the body are additional distinctive features. Characters previously used in the literature such as the distribution of spines on the legs, the size and the location of the eyes, the number and shape of the teeth on the chelicerae and the length ratio of the legs are of no value for the distinction of species. The species distinguished herein are to be regarded as morphospecies. Four of them, C. coccineus, salei, and getazi were successfully bred in the laboratory and have thus been shown to he biospecies. C. foliatus cry have been raised from the same cocoon. The genus clearly belongs to the family Ctenidae. In accordance with the classical typological assignment of the families this classification is based on the combined occurrence of a 3rd claw and claw tufts together with the specific distribution of the eyes and the structure of their retinae. The genus exclusively occurs in Central America.</p>
},
	keywords = {Cupiennius},
	url = {http://www.mediafire.com/view/fr1ad1lm5dh1ndc/Lachmuth1985Senkenbergiana_Cupiennius_revision_Ctenidae.pdf},
	author = {Lachmuth, U and Grasshoff, M and Friedrich G Barth}
}
@article {154,
	title = {Spiders of the genus Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae). II. On the vibratory environment of a wandering spider},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {194-201},
	abstract = {Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae) is a tropical wandering spider which lives in close association with a particular type of plant (see companion paper). These plants are the channels through which the spiders receive and emit various types of vibrations. We measured the vibrations the spiders are typically exposed to when they sit on their dwelling plants (banana plant, bromeliad) in their natural biotope in Central America. In addition a laboratory analysis was carried out to get an approximate idea of the complex vibration-propagating properties of the dwelling plants, taking a banana plant as an example. (1) Types of vibrations (Figs. 1 4). Despite variability in detail there are characteristic differences in spectral composition between the vibrations of various abiotic and biotic origins: (a) Vibrations due to wind are very low frequency phenomena. Their frequency spectra are conspicuously narrow with prominent peaks close to or, more often, below 10 Hz. Vibrations due to raindrops show maximal acceleration values at ca. 1000 Hz. Their frequency band at - 2 0 dB extends up to ca. 250 Hz whereas that of the vibrations due to wind extends to only ca. 50 Hz. (b)The frequency spectra of prey vibrations such as those generated by a running cockroach are typically broad-banded and contain high frequencies; they have largest peaks mostly between ca. 400 and 900 Hz. Their - 2 0 dB frequency bands usually extend from a few Hz to ca. 900 Hz. Some potential prey animals such as grasshoppers seem to be vibrocryptic; they walk by the spider as if unnoticed. Their "cautious" gait leads to only weak vibrations at very low frequencies resembling the background noise due to wind. Courtship signals are composed mainly of low frequencies, intermediate between background noise and prey vibrations (male: prominent peaks at ca. 75 Hz and ca. 115 Hz; female: dominant frequencies between ca. 20 Hz and ca. 50 Hz). The male signal is composed of "syllables" and differs from all other vibrations studied here by being temporally highly ordered. A comparison with previous electrophysiological studies suggests that the high pass characteristics of the vibration receptors enhance the signal-to-(abiotic)-noise ratio and that the vibraion-sensitive interneurons so far examined and found to have band pass characteristics are tuned to the frequencies found in the vibrations of biotic origin. (2) Signal propagation (Fig. 5). In terms of frequency-dependent attenuation of vibrations the banana plant is well suited for transmitting the above signals. Average attenuation values are ca. 0.35 dB/cm. Together with known data on vibration receptor sensitivity this explains the range of courtship signals of more than 1 m observed in behavioral studies. Attenuation in the plant is neither a monotonic function of frequency nor of distance from the signal source.},
	keywords = {Cupiennius, sensory ecology, Spider, Vibratory environment},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007\%2FBF00379186},
	author = {Friedrich G Barth and Bleckmann, Horst and Bohnenberger, Johannes and Seyfarth, Ernst-August}
}
@article {153,
	title = {Spiders of the genus Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae). I. Range distribution, dwelling plants, and climatic characteristics of the habitats},
	journal = {Oecologia},
	volume = {77},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {187-193},
	abstract = {Cupiennius is a genus of hunting spiders with seven established species. One of these (C. salei) has been used in laboratory research for many years. Here we report on the geographic distribution of the genus and some char- acteristics of its habitat. (1) The genus is Central American. Its range is from the state of Veracruz in Mexico in the north to Panama in the south. Five of the seven species are known to occur in the Canal Area, Panama. Sympatry is best documented for C. getazi and C. coccineus and is likely to occur in other species. (2) All known species of Cupiennius are closely associated with particular plants on which they hide during the day and prey, court, and moult at night. The most typical dwelling plant such as a bromeliad or a banana plant is a monocotyledon with mechanically strong and unbranched leaves that provide retreats at their bases. On plants not providing "ready-made" shelters, such as ginger or members of the Araceae, several species of Cupiennius have been observed to build retreats. (3) Average monthly rainfall and temperature data are given for six locations where we have recently observed C. coccineus, C. getazi, C. panamensis, and C. salei. According to measurements taken in the field the microclimate within a typical retreat differs considerably from the external environment: during the day the retreat space shows lower average water evaporation rates and higher relative air humidity.},
	keywords = {Ctenidae, Cupiennius, Habitat, Range distribution, Spider},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2FBF00379185},
	author = {Friedrich G Barth and Seyfarth, Ernst-August and Bleckmann, Horst and Sch{\"u}ch, Wolfgang}
}
@article {cupienius,
	title = {Cupiennius remedius new species (Araneae, Ctenidae), and a key for the genus},
	journal = {Journal of Arachnology},
	volume = {26},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {133-141},
	abstract = {A new representative of the neotropical genus Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) was found in the highlands of central Guatemala. Cupiennius remedius new species is the ninth species established for the genus. Like all other species of Cupiennius, C. remedius is a hunting spider living in close association with monocotyledonous plants where it hides in a retreat during the day and is active at night. C. remedius is of medium size (carapace length ca.8 mm) compared to the other species of the genus and is the only Cupiennius species known to live sympatrically with C. salei. Live animals show a spotted coloration pattern unusual for the genus. The distinctive features of the male bulbi and female epigyna are described and an example is given of the species-specific courtship vibrations. In addition, we provide a revised key for the genus Cupiennius. Hemos encontrado un nuevo representante del genero neotropical Cupiennius Simon 1891 (Araneae, Ctenidae) en las regions montafiosas del centro de Guatemala. Cupiennius remedius nueva especie es la novena especie establecida para el genero. Como todas las otras especies de Cupiennius, C. remedius es una arafia cazadora que vive en estrecha asociacion con plantas monocotiledoneas, en las que se oculta durante el dia en un refugio y es activa durante la noche. En comparacion con las otras especies del genero, C. remedius es de tamafio intermedio (alrededor de 8 mm de longitud del caparazon) y es la unica especie de Cupiennius que se sabe que vive en simpatria con C. salei. Los animales vivos presentan un patron de coloracion manchado que no es habitual en el genero. Describimos las caracteristicas distin- tivas de los bulbos de los machos y de los epiginos de las hembras e incluimos un ejemplo de las vibraciones de cortejo especificas de la especie . Ademas, incluimos una slave revisada del genero Cupiennius.},
	keywords = {Cupiennius},
	url = {http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v26_n2/JoA_v26_p133.pdf},
	author = {Friedrich G Barth and Cordes, Detlev}
}
@inbook {134,
	title = {Cupiennius (Araneae, Ctenidae): Biology and sensory ecology of a model spider},
	booktitle = {Natural and cultural history of the Golfo Dulce region},
	series = {Stapfia 88, zugleich Kataloge der Ober{\"o}sterreichischen Landesmuseen, Neue Serie 80},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {211-224},
	publisher = {Biologiezentrum},
	organization = {Biologiezentrum},
	address = {Freistadt, Austria: Pl{\"o}nchl-Druck},
	abstract = {Cupiennius is a genus of hunting or wandering spiders typical of Central America including the Golfo Dulce region, which do not live in a silken web or build a web to catch prey. Instead, a prominent feature of their biology is a close association with particular dwelling plants on which they hide during the day and prey and court at night. The complex behavioural patterns of Cupiennius rely on an armament of exquisite sensors tuned to the specific needs in the spiders{\textquoteright} specific environment. After a short introduction to the taxonomy, distribution and habitat, a few examples are given to show how closely spider sensory systems mesh with spider behaviour in the natural habitat. A key for the genus Cupiennius is provided by a companion paper (BARTH \& CORDES). El g{\'e}nero Cupiennius reune a un grupo de ara{\~n}as de caza o errantes t{\'{\i}picas de Am{\'e}rica Central, incluyendo la regi{\'o}n de Golfo Dulce, que no viven en una telara{\~n}a o construyen una tela para atrapar a su presa. En su lugar, una importante caracter{\'{\i}stica de su biolog{\'{\i}a, es una estrecha asociaci{\'o}n con plantas particulares que le sirven de morada, donde se ocultan durante el d{\'{\i}a y cazan y cortejan en la noche. Los complejos patrones de comportamiento de Cupiennius dependen de una serie de extraordinarios sensores, sintonizados con las necesidades particulares de las ara{\~n}as en ambientes espec{\'{\i}ficos. Despu{\'e}s de una corta intro- ducci{\'o}n a la taxonom{\'{\i}a, distribuci{\'o}n y h{\'a}bitat, se entregan algunos ejemplos para mostrar como los sistema sensoriales de las ara{\~n}as se relacionan con el comportamiento de la ara{\~n}a en el h{\'a}bitat natural. Una clave para el g{\'e}nero Cupiennius es entregada por el trabajo siguiente (BARTH \& CORDES).},
	keywords = {Cupiennius coccineus., hunting spider, sensory ecology, spider-plant interaction},
	url = {http://www.landesmuseum.at/datenbanken/digilit/?litnr=27349},
	author = {Friedrich G Barth},
	editor = {Weissenhofer, Anton and Huber, Werner and Mayer, Veronika and Pamperl, Susanne and Weber, Anton and Aubrecht, Gerhard}
}
@inbook {133,
	title = {Key to the genus Cupiennius (Araneae, Ctenidae)},
	booktitle = {Natural and cultural history of the Golfo Dulce region},
	series = {Stapfia 88, zugleich Kataloge der Ober{\"o}sterreichischen Landesmuseen, Neue Serie 80},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {225-228},
	publisher = {Biologiezentrum},
	organization = {Biologiezentrum},
	address = {Freistadt, Austria: Pl{\"o}nchl-Druck},
	abstract = {The following key includes the description of the coloration patterns in the genus Cupiennius, typical of living representatives of the species. In the larger species, this permits determination of the species even for subadult specimens, although the coloration may be indistinct or even absent in preserved specimens. The shape of the epigynum, vulva and bulbal sclerites is then of major importance. Especially the smaller species of Cupiennius have an indistinct or variable coloration pattern on their body and legs. Their determination is only possible by dissection of the vulva (females) or by looking at small details of the male bulb. The present key is in essence a reprint of parts of an earlier publication (BARTH \& CORDES 1998). It includes all important features of the genitalia already described in LACHMUTH et al. (1984). Besides including C. remedius and C. celerrimus, it considers body size and characters of the coloration pattern and of the genitalia. The definition of the colours used in the key is taken from the colour table for coloured pencils of Faber-Castell, Germany. For C. chiapanensis (MEDINA SORIANO 2006) and C. vodou (BRESCOVIT \& POLOTOW 2005), two recently described new species, the reader is referred to the original literature.},
	url = {http://www.landesmuseum.at/datenbanken/digilit/?litnr=27349},
	author = {Friedrich G Barth and Cordes, Detlev},
	editor = {Weissenhofer, Anton and Huber, Werner and Mayer, Veronika and Pamperl, Susanne and Weber, Anton and Aubrecht, Gerhard}
}
