@article {8603, title = {Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s scorpions IV}, journal = {Sklipkan}, volume = {8}, year = {2003}, pages = {44-47, plus plates}, url = {https://arachnids.myspecies.info/sites/arachnids.myspecies.info/files/Viquez2003Sklipkan_Costa_Ricas_Scorpions_IV.pdf}, author = {V{\'\i}quez, Carlos} } @article {8541, title = {Etude d{\textquoteright}une petite collection de scorpions du Nicaragua, avec la description d{\textquoteright}une espece nouvelle de Centruroides (Buthidae)}, journal = {Revue Suisse de Zoologie}, volume = {90}, year = {1983}, pages = {761-768}, abstract = {

This paper is the result of the study of the scorpions\ species of Centruroides (Buthidae). collected by the \"Jaccoud-De Chambrier 1983\" expedition to Nicaragua. Three species were collected in the Lake Managua region (Momotombo and Momotombito Vol- canoes): Didymocentrus krausi Francke, 1978 (Diplocentridae), Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841) and a new species Centruroides mahnerti n. sp. (Buthidae). Some comments on the taxonomic position of the new species are included.

}, url = {http://biostor.org/reference/117210}, author = {Lourenço, Wilson R} } @article {8480, title = {Notes on scorpions, with descriptions of two new species.}, journal = {Annals and Magazine of Natural History}, volume = {7}, year = {1907}, pages = {208-211}, author = {Hirst, Arthur S.} } @article {8446, title = {A new species of Diplocentrus (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) from western Izabal, Guatemala}, journal = {Euscorpius}, year = {2016}, pages = {1-8}, url = {http://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2016/iss225/1/}, author = {de Armas, Luis F and Trujillo, Rony E} } @article {8440, title = {Nueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) del occidente de Guatemala.}, journal = {Revista Ibérica de Aracnología}, volume = {28}, year = {2016}, pages = {103{\textendash}106}, abstract = {

Se describe una especie nueva del género Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, sobre la base de un macho recolectado en Unión Cantinil (1704 msnm; 15\° 35\’ 46.3\’\’ N \– 91\° 45\’ 43.6\’\’ O), departamento Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Se diferencia de Diplocentrus chol Francke, 2007 por los siguientes caracteres: (1) tarsómero II de las patas II-IV con menor cantidad de espinas ventrales (4/4:5/5:5/5:5/5 vs 4-5/5: 5/5-6: 6/6); (2) menor cantidad de dientes pectíneos: 9 vs 10-13; (3) fémur del pedipalpo más granuloso; (4) telson menos globoso (relación longitud/alto = 2,9 vs 2,5). Con esta nueva especie se eleva a siete el número de representantes del género Diplocentrus en Guatemala.

A new species of the genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, is herein described from Unión Cantinil (1704 m a.s.l.; 15\° 35\’ 46.3\’\’ N \– 91\° 45\’ 43.6\’\’ W), Huehuetenango department, Guatemala, based on a single adult male. It differs from Diplocentrus chol Francke, 2007 in the following characters: (1) tarsomere II of legs II-IV with 4/4:5/5:5/5:5/5 ventral spiniform setae (4-5/5: 5/5-6: 6/6 in D. chol); (2) pectines with 9 teeth (10-13 in D. chol); (3) pedipalp femur more granulose; (4) telson less globose (length/height ratio = 2,9 vs 2,5 in D. chol). With this new species the number of Guatemalan species of Diplocentrus is raised to seven.

}, author = {Trujillo, Rony E and de Armas, Luis F} } @article {8373, title = {Inventario preliminar sobre la fauna de escorpiones de Panam{\'a} con algunas consideraciones taxonómicas y biogeograficas}, journal = {Revista de Biolog{\'\i}a Tropical}, volume = {32}, year = {1984}, pages = {85-93}, author = {Lourenço, Wilson R and M{\'e}ndez, E} } @article {8330, title = {A new scorpion species of genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Diplocentridae) endemic to Islas de la Bahia, Honduras}, journal = {Comptes Rendus Biologies}, volume = {338}, year = {2015}, pages = {502{\textendash}510}, abstract = {

Three species of genus Diplocentrus are found in north-northwestern Honduras. These species represent the southern east limits of Diplocentrus\’ distribution. In recent years, a broad survey of arachnids in Honduras has yielded a collection of several specimens of an undescribed species from two islands in northern Honduras. This new species represents the second species of the genus inhabiting an island. The present contribution describes this new species, and compares it against its most similar relatives. A dichotomous key for the identification of the species of Diplocentrus in Honduras is also included

}, author = {Sagastume-Espinoza, Kevin O. and Longhorn, Stuart J and Santibáñez-López, Carlos E} } @article {8087, title = {Phylogeny of the North American scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Diplocentridae) based on morphology, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA}, journal = {Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny}, volume = {72}, year = {2014}, pages = {257-279}, abstract = {

The scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, endemic to North and Central America, is the most diverse in family Diplocentridae Karsch, 1880. There is considerable morphological variation among the species of Diplocentrus. It is necessary to test the monophyly and phylogenetic position of Diplocentrus in order to revise its diagnosis and taxonomic limits. The present contribution provides a phylogenetic analysis of 29 species of Diplocentrus, five exemplar species representing the three putatively most closely related diplocentrid genera, and an exemplar of a more distantly related diplocentrid genus. The analysis was based on 95 morphological characters and 4202 aligned nucleotides from DNA sequences of five markers in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Separate and simultaneous parsimony analyses of the morphological and DNA sequence data were conducted with equal weighting and six implied weighting regimes. The nuclear and mitochondrial DNA datasets were also analyzed separately and simultaneously with Bayesian inference. The resulting topologies recovered the monophyly of Diplocentrus, with the exception of two neobothriotaxic species from central Mexico, for which a new genus Kolotl Santibáñez-López et al., 2014, is justified. The keyserlingii group, as previously defined, was not monophyletic due to the placement of two species in the mexicanus group; the rest of its component species were monophyletic, however. A third clade was recovered that has not been previously recognized: the zacatecanus group, comprising four species from northern Mexico and the southwestern U.S.A. New insights are provided concerning relationships among Diplocentrus and the diplocentrid genera Bioculus Stahnke, 1968 and Didymocentrus Kraepelin, 1905, the phylogenetic positions of which were previously ambiguous.

}, author = {Santibáñez-López, Carlos E and Francke, Oscar F and Prendini, Lorenzo} } @article {123, title = {Arachnidi del Messico de Guatemala e Honduras Britannico}, journal = {Atti della Societ{\`a} Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano}, volume = {77}, year = {1938}, pages = {251-282}, url = {http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Caporiacco/Caporiacco\%201938a\%20Aracnidi\%20del\%20Messico.pdf}, author = {Caporiacco, Lodovico di} } @article {131, title = {The genus Diplocentrus in the Yucatan Peninsula with description of two new troglobites}, journal = {Bulletin of the Association for Mexican Cave Studies}, volume = {6}, year = {1977}, pages = {49-61}, url = {http://www.amcs-pubs.org/bul/bul6.pdf}, author = {Francke, Oscar F} } @article {118, title = {Six new species of Diplocentrus Peters from Central America (Scorpiones, Diplocentidae)}, journal = {Journal of Arachnology}, volume = {16}, year = {1988}, pages = {153-175}, abstract = {Six new species of Diplocentrus Peters, 1862 (D. lucidus and D. ornatus from Belize, D. coddingtoni, D. lourencoi, and D. santiagoi from Honduras, and D. steeleae from Mexico) are described. Notes clarifying the composition and distribution of this genus are also given .}, url = {http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v16_n2/JoA_v16_p153.pdf}, author = {Stockwell, Scott W} } @article {scorpions, title = {Scorpions (Arachnida) from Costa Rica}, journal = {Special Publications of Texas Tech University Press}, volume = {25}, year = {1987}, pages = {1-64}, abstract = {

The scorpion fauna of Costa Rica has received sporadic treatment in the literature. The only comprehensive report is that of Pocock (1902). In Biologia Centrali-Americana, he recorded four species of Buthidae from Costa Rica, three in the genus Centruroides Marx and one in Tityus Koch, based on less than a dozen specimens. Viquez (1935) listed nine species for Costa Rica but, as indicated below, his work is fraught with errors. Our study of hundreds of specimens from Costa Rica indicates that its scorpion fauna is more diverse than previously known. In this contribution, we propose one synonymy, we dismiss reports of six species for Costa Rica, we report for the first time three species for that country, and finally we describe three species new to science.

The fauna of Costa Rica as presently known includes representatives of four of the nine families of Recent scorpions, distributed among 14 species in seven genera. Much has been written about the role of Central America as a biogeographic barrier to marine organisms in the Pacific and Caribbean oceans, and its role as a bridge for the terrestrial biota of North and South America (for example, Marshall et al., 1982). As would be expected, the scorpion fauna of Costa Rica consists of a mixed assemblage of taxa with northern and southern affinities. The genus Centruroides (Buthidae) is diverse and abundant in North America and the Caribbean region. The genera Ananteris Thorell (Buthidae), Chactas Gervais (Chactidae), Opisthacanthus Peters (Ischnuridae), and Tityus Koch (Buthidae), are clearly South American, and their northern (or northwestern) limits of distribution are in Costa Rica. The genus Didymocentrus Kraepelin (Diplocentridae) is a circum-Caribbean element found in Central America and the Antilles. Finally, the species of Isometrus Hemprich and Ehrenberg (Buthidae) found in Costa Rica is a pantropical\ taxon widely dispersed by man.\ 

Aside from isolated taxonomic works, we are unaware of any other\ publications dealing with the biology or medical significance of scorpions in Costa Rica. Some members of the genera Centruroides and Tityus have neurotoxic venoms that can cause death in humans. Most of the species from Costa Rica are too rare and poorly known to state definitely their potential medical significance. Others are inferred (based on studies on congeneric species) to have low concentrations of, or altogether lack, neurotoxins and thus are of no medical concern. The venom of Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais), the only member of the Costa Rican scorpiofauna studied, has a low mammalian toxicity (Marinkelle and Stahnke, 1965). We hope that the taxonomic and distributional information\ presented herein will stimulate further research into the biology of Costa\ Rican scorpions.

}, keywords = {Scorpions}, url = {http://www.mediafire.com/file/4yc4xkraa49716w/Francke1987TexTech_Scorpions_from_Costa_Rica_Francke_and_Stockwell_OCR.pdf}, author = {Francke, Oscar F and Stockwell, Scott A} } @article {104, title = {Breve cr{\'o}nica de una expedici{\'o}n aracnol{\'o}gica a Nicaragua}, journal = {Cocuyo (La Habana)}, volume = {4}, year = {1995}, pages = {2-3}, author = {de Armas, Luis F} } @article {listaanotada, title = {Lista anotada de los alacranes (Arachnida: Scorpiones) de Am{\'e}rica Central, con algunas consideraciones biogeogr{\'a}ficas}, journal = {Revista Nicarag{\"u}ense de Entomolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {46}, year = {1998}, pages = {23-38}, abstract = {

The poorly known Central American scorpiofauna (excluding Mexican lands) contains 38 species belonging to 11 genera, and 5 families (Buthidae, Chactidae, Diplocentridae, Ischnuridae, and Vaejovidae). Most of them (24 species) are Central American endemics. Centruroides, with 10 species, is the most diverse and widespread genus in this territory, whereas all the seven Diplocentrus species are restricted to the area. Didymocentrus, with two species, is the only scorpion genus that apparently has a Central American center of dispersion. Panama contains the highest diversity (17 species, 8 genera, and 4 families), but shows a low endemism (17,6 \%), only higher than that of El Salvador (0 \%). La poco conocida escorpiofauna de Am\érica Central (excluyendo los territorios mexicanos) est\á integrada por 38 especies que pertenecen a 11 g\éneros y 5 familias (Buthidae, Chactidae, Diplocentridae, lschnuridae y Vaejovidae). La mayor parte de estas especies (24) constituyen endemismos centroam\éricanos. Centruroides, con 10 especies, es el g\énero m\ás diversificado y de m\ás amplia distribuci\ón en este territorio; mientras que las 7 especies de Diplocentrus est\án restringidas a dicha \área. Didymocentrus, con dos especies, es el \único g\énero de escorpiones cuyo centro de dispersi\ón aparentemente se halla en Am\érica Central. Panam\á tiene la m\ás elevada diversidad (17 especies, 8 g\éneros y 4 familias), pero tambi\én posee uno de los m\ás bajos niveles de endemismo (17,6 \%), sol\ó superado por El Salvador (0 \%).

}, keywords = {Centroamerica, escorpiones, lista}, url = {http://www.bio-nica.info/RevNicaEntomo/46-Scorpionida.pdf}, author = {de Armas, Luis F and Maes, Jean-Michel} } @book {centruroidesbicolor, title = {Escorpiones de Costa Rica (Costa Rica Scorpions)}, year = {1999}, pages = {90}, publisher = {INBio}, organization = {INBio}, edition = {1}, address = {Heredia, Costa Rica}, keywords = {Escorpiones de Costa Rica}, author = {V{\'\i}quez, Carlos} } @article {119, title = {Description of the male Diplocentrus lourencoi (Scorpiones, Diplocentridae)}, journal = {Journal of Arachnology}, volume = {25}, year = {1997}, pages = {251-256}, abstract = {

The male of Diplocentrus lourencoi Stockwell 1988 is described and illustrated from a specimen collected west of San Pedro Sula, Honduras, and compared to the holotype female and the male s of other Diplocentrus Peters 1861 in the region. The hemispermatophore is described, illustrated, and compared to other Diplocentrus in the region. Unique new characters on the male, posterolateral recesses on tergite VII, are described and illustrated. New descriptive information is given for the holotype female. Complete measurements and morphometrics are given for the male and female. A comparative diagnos is is offered based on this new information .

}, url = {https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/226484}, author = {McWest, Kari J} } @article {exilimanushonduras, title = {A revision of the scorpion fauna of Honduras, with the description of a new species (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Diplocentridae)}, journal = {Revista Ib{\'e}rica de Aracnolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {6}, year = {2002}, pages = {111-127.}, abstract = {

The order Scorpiones is monographically revised for the first time for Honduras. Nine species belonging to two families and three genera are recorded. Previous records of Centruroides nigrimanus (Pocock, 1898) and Centruroides limbatus (Pocock, 1898) from Honduras are herein discarded because they appear to be based on misidentified specimens of Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804); also, Centruroides koesteri Kraepelin, 1912 is recorded from this country for the first time, Centruroides exilimanus sp. n. is described from two localities in southern Honduras and the type localities of both Centruroides schmidti Sissom, 1995 and Didymocentrus nitidus (Hirst, 1907) are emended. Detailed distributional maps and an identification key are given for each species. El orden Scorpiones es revisado monogr\áficamente por primera vez para la Rep\ública de Honduras. Se registran en total nueve especies pertenecientes a dos familias y tres g\éneros. Los registros previos de Centruroides nigrimanus (Pocock, 1898) y Centruroides limbatus (Pocock, 1898) para Honduras son descartados, pues aparentemente se basaron en espec{\&$\#$39;{\i}menes de Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804) err\óneamente identificados; adem\ás, se registra por primera vez la presencia de Centruroides koesteri Kraepelin, 1912 en este pa{\&$\#$39;{\i}s, se describe Centruroides exilimanus sp. n. de dos localidades del sur hondure\ño y se hacen enmiendas a las localidades tipo respectivas de Centruroides schmidti Sissom, 1995 y Didymocentrus nitidus (Hirst, 1907). Se presentan mapas detallados de distribuci\ón y una clave para la identificaci\ón de cada especie.

}, keywords = {Buthidae, Diplocentridae, Honduras, Scorpiones, sistem{\'a}tica}, url = {http://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/RIA_6/R06-011-111.pdf}, author = {Teruel, Rolando and Stockwell, Scott A} } @article {120, title = {Nueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) de Guatemala}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Sociedad Entomol{\'o}gica Aragonesa}, volume = {45}, year = {2009}, pages = {67-72}, abstract = {

Se describen ambos sexos de una nueva especie del g\énero Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae), del departamento Zacapa, regi\ón nororiente de Guatemala, la cual se distingue de casi todos sus cong\éneres conocidos por las punzaduras que cubren su cuerpo y ap\éndices, un car\ácter que la asemeja a Diplocentrus melici Armas \& Mart{\&$\#$39;{\i}n-Fr{\&$\#$39;{\i}as, 2004, del estado de Veracruz, M\éxico, de la cual se distingue por su menor tama\ño, menor cantidad de dientes pect{\&$\#$39;{\i}neos y diferente f\órmula de espinas tarsales. Se incluye una clave dicot\ómica para identificar las tres especies guatemaltecas del g\énero Diplocentrus. Both sexes of a new species of the scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) is described from Zacapa Department, northeastern Guatemala. It is characterized by punctuation on the whole body, including appendages, a peculiarity shared with Diplocentrus melici Armas \& Mart{\&$\#$39;{\i}n-Fr{\&$\#$39;{\i}as, 2004, from Veracruz state, Mexico, but it is smaller and has a lower pectinal tooth count, as well as a different tarsal ventral spine formula. A dichotomic key is provided for identification of the three Guatemalan species of the genus Diplocentrus. Key words: Diplocentrinae, taxonomy, Central America, Guatemala.

}, keywords = {Central America, Diplocentrinae, Guatemala, taxonomy}, url = {http://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/BSEA45ARACNO/B45067.pdf}, author = {de Armas, Luis F and Trujillo, Rony E} } @article {121, title = {Descripci{\'o}n del macho adulto de Diplocentrus maya Francke, 1977 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae)}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Sociedad Entomol{\'o}gica Aragonesa}, volume = {48}, year = {2011}, pages = {139-142}, abstract = {

Se describe el macho adulto de Diplocentrus maya Francke, 1977 y se aportan nuevos datos sobre este tax\ón. Se incluye una clave dicot\ómica para identificar las tres especies guatemaltecas del g\énero Diplocentrus Peters, 1861. The male of Diplocentrus maya Francke 1977 is described, and new data are given on this taxon. A dichotomic key is provided for identification of the three Guatemalan species of the genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861.

}, keywords = {Central America, description, Guatemala, Scorpiones, Scorpionidae, taxonomy}, url = {http://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/BSEA48ARACNO/B48139.pdf}, author = {Trujillo, Rony E and de Armas, Luis F} } @article {122, title = {Nueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) del noroeste de Alta Verapaz, Guatemala}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la Sociedad Entomol{\'o}gica Aragonesa}, volume = {49}, year = {2011}, pages = {113-117}, abstract = {

Se describe una especie nueva del g\énero Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, sobre la base de dos espec{\&$\#$39;{\i}menes machos recolectados en la eco-regi\ón Lachu\á, departamento Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Se distingue de D. maya Francke, 1977 por su coloraci\ón mucho m\ás negruzca, los quel{\&$\#$39;{\i}ceros reticulados, el tub\érculo subaculear m\ás aguzado, el tricobotrio Dt sobre el dedo fijo y otras diferencias morfol\ógicas. A new species of the scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 is described from the ecological region of Lachu\á, Alta Verapaz department, Guatemala. It resembles D. maya Francke, 1977, but differs from it by having a darker pattern of coloration, chelicerae with dark reticulation, a sharper subaculear tubercle, trichobothrium Dt on the fixed finger, and other morphological differences.

}, keywords = {Central America, Diplocentridae, Mesoamerica, taxonomy}, url = {http://www.conap.gob.gt/Members/admin/documentos/planificacion/Diplocentrus\%20lachua.pdf}, author = {de Armas, Luis F and Trujillo, Rony E and Agreda, Emmanuel O} } @article {437, title = {Dos especie nuevas de Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) de Guatemala}, journal = {Revista Ib{\'e}rica de Aracnolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {21}, year = {2012}, month = {12/2012}, pages = {131-138}, abstract = {

Resumen: Se describen dos especies nuevas del género Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, sobre la base de tres hembras recolectadas en los departamentos Petén e Izabal, Guatemala. Por su aspecto general, la especie de Izabal se asemeja a D. lourencoi Stock- well, 1988, del mismo sistema montañoso (Cordillera del Merendón), pero en Honduras. La especie de Petén se asemeja a D. ma- ya Francke, 1977, que se distribuye en el sur de Belice (Toledo) y el nordeste de Guatemala (Petén e Izabal). Abstract: Two new species of the genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 are described on the basis of three female specimens from the departments of Petén and Izabal, Guatemala. The species from Izabal resembles D. lourencoi Stockwell, 1988, from the same range (Cordillera del Merendón) but in Honduran territory. The species from Petén resembles D. maya Francke, 1977, recorded from Belize (Toledo District) and north-eastern Guatemala (departments of Petén and Izabal).

}, keywords = {Central America, Diplocentrini, new species, Scorpiones, Scorpionidae, taxonomy}, issn = {1576 - 9518}, author = {Trujillo, Rony E and de Armas, Luis F} } @article {162, title = {Scorpionism in Central America, with special reference to the case of Panama}, journal = {Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases}, volume = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {130-143}, abstract = {

Scorpionism in the Americas occurs mainly in Mexico, northern South America and southeast Brazil. This article reviews the local scorpion fauna, available health statistics, and the literature to assess scorpionism in Central America. Notwithstanding its high toxicity in Mexico, most scorpion sting cases in Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica are produced by species in the genus Centruroides that are only mildly toxic to humans despite the existence of ion channel-active toxins in their venoms. Regional morbidity is low with the exception of Panama, where an incidence of 52 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was recorded for 2007, with 28 deaths from 1998 to 2006. Taxa belonging to the genus Tityus (also present in the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica) are responsible for fatalities in Panama, with Tityus pachyurus being the most important species medically. Most Tityus species inhabiting Panama are also found in northern South America from which they probably migrated upon closure of the Panamanian isthmus in the Miocene era. Incorporation of Panama as part of the northern South American endemic area of scorpionism is thereby suggested based on the incidence of these accidents and the geographical distribution of Panamanian Tityus species

}, keywords = {Central America, Centruroides, scorpionism, Scorpions, Tityus}, issn = {1678-9199}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1678-91992012000200002\&script=sci_arttext}, author = {Borges, A and Miranda, Roberto J and Pascale, J M} }