@article {8603, title = {Costa Rica{\textquoteright}s scorpions IV}, journal = {Sklipkan}, volume = {8}, year = {2003}, pages = {44-47, plus plates}, url = {https://arachnids.myspecies.info/sites/arachnids.myspecies.info/files/Viquez2003Sklipkan_Costa_Ricas_Scorpions_IV.pdf}, author = {V{\'\i}quez, Carlos} } @article {8448, title = {Presas de escorpiones (Arachnida: Scorpiones) de Panam{\'a}, con observaciones sobre el comportamiento de depredaci{\'o}n}, journal = {Revista Ibérica de Aracnología}, volume = {27}, year = {2015}, month = {31/12/2015}, pages = {115-123}, abstract = {

Se presenta el primer listado de presas de escorpiones en Panamá. La información está ligada a cinco años de mues- treos en 32 localidades a lo largo del país. También se registran observaciones sobre el proceso de depredación en la naturaleza y en el laboratorio. Se identificaron 23 morfoespecies de presas pertenecientes a 12 órdenes de animales: uno de reptiles y 11 de artrópodos (siete de insectos, dos de arácnidos, uno de crustáceos y uno de miriápodos). Estos resultados sirven de base para in- vestigaciones futuras, dirigidas a generar un mejor entendimiento de la ecología de estos arácnidos. Adicionalmente, se presenta un listado de presas de escorpiones en América Latina, compilado a través de una revisión bibliográfica. Finalmente, se incluyen fotografías de campo de los escorpiones en depredación.

The first list of the prey species of scorpions of Panama is presented. The information is linked to five years of sampling at 32 locations in the country. Comments on the process of predation both in nature and in the laboratory are also recorded. A total of 23 prey morphospecies were identified, belonging to 12 orders: one of reptiles and 11 of arthropods (seven of insects, two of arachnids, one of crustaceans and one of myriapods). These results provide the basis for future research, aimed at generating a better understanding of the ecology of these arachnids. In addition, we present a list of the prey species of the scorpions of Latin America, compiled from bibliographical sources. Finally, pictures of hunting scorpions in the field are included.

}, issn = {1576-9518}, author = {Miranda, Roberto J and Berm{\'u}dez, Sergio E and Cleghorn, John and Cambra, Roberto A} } @article {8373, title = {Inventario preliminar sobre la fauna de escorpiones de Panam{\'a} con algunas consideraciones taxonómicas y biogeograficas}, journal = {Revista de Biolog{\'\i}a Tropical}, volume = {32}, year = {1984}, pages = {85-93}, author = {Lourenço, Wilson R and M{\'e}ndez, E} } @article {8194, title = {Confirmation of a new species of Chactas (Scorpiones, Chactidae) to Panama and Costa Rica}, journal = {Anales del Instituto de Biologi{\'a} Universidad Nacional Aut{\'o}noma de M{\'e}xico.}, volume = {69}, year = {1998}, pages = {165-172}, abstract = {

Se Describe e ilustra una nueva especie de alacr\án, Chactas bonito sp. nov. de Panam\á y Costa Rica. Se incluyden tambi\én algunos comentarios sobre la antigua especies de Werner, Iomachus exsul.

A new species of scorpion,\ Chactas bonito sp. nov. from Panama y Costa Rica, is here described and illustrated. Some comments concerning the old Werner\&$\#$39;s species\ Iomachus exsul are also included.

}, author = {Lourenço, Wilson R} } @article {8193, title = {Additions to the scorpion fauna of Panama and Costa Rica}, journal = {Revista de Biolog{\'\i}a Tropical}, volume = {44}, year = {1996}, pages = {177-181}, author = {Lourenço, Wilson R} } @article {scorpions, title = {Scorpions (Arachnida) from Costa Rica}, journal = {Special Publications of Texas Tech University Press}, volume = {25}, year = {1987}, pages = {1-64}, abstract = {

The scorpion fauna of Costa Rica has received sporadic treatment in the literature. The only comprehensive report is that of Pocock (1902). In Biologia Centrali-Americana, he recorded four species of Buthidae from Costa Rica, three in the genus Centruroides Marx and one in Tityus Koch, based on less than a dozen specimens. Viquez (1935) listed nine species for Costa Rica but, as indicated below, his work is fraught with errors. Our study of hundreds of specimens from Costa Rica indicates that its scorpion fauna is more diverse than previously known. In this contribution, we propose one synonymy, we dismiss reports of six species for Costa Rica, we report for the first time three species for that country, and finally we describe three species new to science.

The fauna of Costa Rica as presently known includes representatives of four of the nine families of Recent scorpions, distributed among 14 species in seven genera. Much has been written about the role of Central America as a biogeographic barrier to marine organisms in the Pacific and Caribbean oceans, and its role as a bridge for the terrestrial biota of North and South America (for example, Marshall et al., 1982). As would be expected, the scorpion fauna of Costa Rica consists of a mixed assemblage of taxa with northern and southern affinities. The genus Centruroides (Buthidae) is diverse and abundant in North America and the Caribbean region. The genera Ananteris Thorell (Buthidae), Chactas Gervais (Chactidae), Opisthacanthus Peters (Ischnuridae), and Tityus Koch (Buthidae), are clearly South American, and their northern (or northwestern) limits of distribution are in Costa Rica. The genus Didymocentrus Kraepelin (Diplocentridae) is a circum-Caribbean element found in Central America and the Antilles. Finally, the species of Isometrus Hemprich and Ehrenberg (Buthidae) found in Costa Rica is a pantropical\ taxon widely dispersed by man.\ 

Aside from isolated taxonomic works, we are unaware of any other\ publications dealing with the biology or medical significance of scorpions in Costa Rica. Some members of the genera Centruroides and Tityus have neurotoxic venoms that can cause death in humans. Most of the species from Costa Rica are too rare and poorly known to state definitely their potential medical significance. Others are inferred (based on studies on congeneric species) to have low concentrations of, or altogether lack, neurotoxins and thus are of no medical concern. The venom of Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais), the only member of the Costa Rican scorpiofauna studied, has a low mammalian toxicity (Marinkelle and Stahnke, 1965). We hope that the taxonomic and distributional information\ presented herein will stimulate further research into the biology of Costa\ Rican scorpions.

}, keywords = {Scorpions}, url = {http://www.mediafire.com/file/4yc4xkraa49716w/Francke1987TexTech_Scorpions_from_Costa_Rica_Francke_and_Stockwell_OCR.pdf}, author = {Francke, Oscar F and Stockwell, Scott A} } @article {listaanotada, title = {Lista anotada de los alacranes (Arachnida: Scorpiones) de Am{\'e}rica Central, con algunas consideraciones biogeogr{\'a}ficas}, journal = {Revista Nicarag{\"u}ense de Entomolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {46}, year = {1998}, pages = {23-38}, abstract = {

The poorly known Central American scorpiofauna (excluding Mexican lands) contains 38 species belonging to 11 genera, and 5 families (Buthidae, Chactidae, Diplocentridae, Ischnuridae, and Vaejovidae). Most of them (24 species) are Central American endemics. Centruroides, with 10 species, is the most diverse and widespread genus in this territory, whereas all the seven Diplocentrus species are restricted to the area. Didymocentrus, with two species, is the only scorpion genus that apparently has a Central American center of dispersion. Panama contains the highest diversity (17 species, 8 genera, and 4 families), but shows a low endemism (17,6 \%), only higher than that of El Salvador (0 \%). La poco conocida escorpiofauna de Am\érica Central (excluyendo los territorios mexicanos) est\á integrada por 38 especies que pertenecen a 11 g\éneros y 5 familias (Buthidae, Chactidae, Diplocentridae, lschnuridae y Vaejovidae). La mayor parte de estas especies (24) constituyen endemismos centroam\éricanos. Centruroides, con 10 especies, es el g\énero m\ás diversificado y de m\ás amplia distribuci\ón en este territorio; mientras que las 7 especies de Diplocentrus est\án restringidas a dicha \área. Didymocentrus, con dos especies, es el \único g\énero de escorpiones cuyo centro de dispersi\ón aparentemente se halla en Am\érica Central. Panam\á tiene la m\ás elevada diversidad (17 especies, 8 g\éneros y 4 familias), pero tambi\én posee uno de los m\ás bajos niveles de endemismo (17,6 \%), sol\ó superado por El Salvador (0 \%).

}, keywords = {Centroamerica, escorpiones, lista}, url = {http://www.bio-nica.info/RevNicaEntomo/46-Scorpionida.pdf}, author = {de Armas, Luis F and Maes, Jean-Michel} } @book {centruroidesbicolor, title = {Escorpiones de Costa Rica (Costa Rica Scorpions)}, year = {1999}, pages = {90}, publisher = {INBio}, organization = {INBio}, edition = {1}, address = {Heredia, Costa Rica}, keywords = {Escorpiones de Costa Rica}, author = {V{\'\i}quez, Carlos} } @article {165, title = {A checklist of the scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of Panama, with two new records}, journal = {Euscorpius}, volume = {133}, year = {2011}, pages = {1-6}, abstract = {

In the present note, we compile a checklist of all scorpion species recorded from Panama. A total of three families, five genera and 14 species are confirmed to occur in the country, and previous records of two other families, four genera, and nine species are discarded as misidentifications, mislabelings, or accidental introductions. Two Buthidae species are herein recorded for the first time from Panama: Tityus tayrona Lourenco, 1991 (so far known only from northern Colombia) and one apparently undescribed species of Ananteris Thorell, 1891.

}, url = {http://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2011_133.pdf}, author = {Teruel, Rolando and Cozijn, Michiel A C} } @article {162, title = {Scorpionism in Central America, with special reference to the case of Panama}, journal = {Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases}, volume = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {130-143}, abstract = {

Scorpionism in the Americas occurs mainly in Mexico, northern South America and southeast Brazil. This article reviews the local scorpion fauna, available health statistics, and the literature to assess scorpionism in Central America. Notwithstanding its high toxicity in Mexico, most scorpion sting cases in Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica are produced by species in the genus Centruroides that are only mildly toxic to humans despite the existence of ion channel-active toxins in their venoms. Regional morbidity is low with the exception of Panama, where an incidence of 52 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was recorded for 2007, with 28 deaths from 1998 to 2006. Taxa belonging to the genus Tityus (also present in the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica) are responsible for fatalities in Panama, with Tityus pachyurus being the most important species medically. Most Tityus species inhabiting Panama are also found in northern South America from which they probably migrated upon closure of the Panamanian isthmus in the Miocene era. Incorporation of Panama as part of the northern South American endemic area of scorpionism is thereby suggested based on the incidence of these accidents and the geographical distribution of Panamanian Tityus species

}, keywords = {Central America, Centruroides, scorpionism, Scorpions, Tityus}, issn = {1678-9199}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1678-91992012000200002\&script=sci_arttext}, author = {Borges, A and Miranda, Roberto J and Pascale, J M} }