00381nas a2200109 4500008004100000245003000041210002900071300002300100490000600123100002000129856012200149 2003 eng d00aCosta Rica's scorpions IV0 aCosta Ricas scorpions IV a44-47, plus plates0 v81 aVíquez, Carlos uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/sites/arachnids.myspecies.info/files/Viquez2003Sklipkan_Costa_Ricas_Scorpions_IV.pdf00987nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013000041210006900171300001200240490000700252520054000259100002600799856004000825 1983 eng d00aEtude d'une petite collection de scorpions du Nicaragua, avec la description d'une espece nouvelle de Centruroides (Buthidae)0 aEtude dune petite collection de scorpions du Nicaragua avec la d a761-7680 v903 a

This paper is the result of the study of the scorpions species of Centruroides (Buthidae). collected by the "Jaccoud-De Chambrier 1983" expedition to Nicaragua. Three species were collected in the Lake Managua region (Momotombo and Momotombito Vol- canoes): Didymocentrus krausi Francke, 1978 (Diplocentridae), Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais, 1841) and a new species Centruroides mahnerti n. sp. (Buthidae). Some comments on the taxonomic position of the new species are included.

1 aLourenço, Wilson, R uhttp://biostor.org/reference/11721000360nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006200041210006000103300001200163490000600175100002200181856004700203 1907 eng d00aNotes on scorpions, with descriptions of two new species.0 aNotes on scorpions with descriptions of two new species a208-2110 v71 aHirst, Arthur, S. uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/848000425nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137300000800206100002200214700002200236856005700258 2016 eng d00aA new species of Diplocentrus (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) from western Izabal, Guatemala0 anew species of Diplocentrus Scorpionidae Diplocentrinae from wes a1-81 ade Armas, Luis, F1 aTrujillo, Rony, E uhttp://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2016/iss225/1/02001nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159300001400228490000700242520152700249100002201776700002201798856004701820 2016 eng d00aNueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) del occidente de Guatemala.0 aNueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters 1861 Scorpiones Scorpionida a103–1060 v283 a

Se describe una especie nueva del género Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, sobre la base de un macho recolectado en Unión Cantinil (1704 msnm; 15° 35’ 46.3’’ N – 91° 45’ 43.6’’ O), departamento Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Se diferencia de Diplocentrus chol Francke, 2007 por los siguientes caracteres: (1) tarsómero II de las patas II-IV con menor cantidad de espinas ventrales (4/4:5/5:5/5:5/5 vs 4-5/5: 5/5-6: 6/6); (2) menor cantidad de dientes pectíneos: 9 vs 10-13; (3) fémur del pedipalpo más granuloso; (4) telson menos globoso (relación longitud/alto = 2,9 vs 2,5). Con esta nueva especie se eleva a siete el número de representantes del género Diplocentrus en Guatemala.

A new species of the genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, is herein described from Unión Cantinil (1704 m a.s.l.; 15° 35’ 46.3’’ N – 91° 45’ 43.6’’ W), Huehuetenango department, Guatemala, based on a single adult male. It differs from Diplocentrus chol Francke, 2007 in the following characters: (1) tarsomere II of legs II-IV with 4/4:5/5:5/5:5/5 ventral spiniform setae (4-5/5: 5/5-6: 6/6 in D. chol); (2) pectines with 9 teeth (10-13 in D. chol); (3) pedipalp femur more granulose; (4) telson less globose (length/height ratio = 2,9 vs 2,5 in D. chol). With this new species the number of Guatemalan species of Diplocentrus is raised to seven.

1 aTrujillo, Rony, E1 ade Armas, Luis, F uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/844000464nas a2200121 4500008004100000245012600041210007000167300001000237490000700247100002600254700001500280856004700295 1984 eng d00aInventario preliminar sobre la fauna de escorpiones de Panamá con algunas consideraciones taxonómicas y biogeograficas0 aInventario preliminar sobre la fauna de escorpiones de Panamá co a85-930 v321 aLourenço, Wilson, R1 aMéndez, E uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/837301211nas a2200145 4500008004100000245013000041210006900171300001400240490000800254520066000262100003400922700002400956700003800980856004701018 2015 eng d00aA new scorpion species of genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Diplocentridae) endemic to Islas de la Bahia, Honduras0 anew scorpion species of genus Diplocentrus Peters 1861 Scorpione a502–5100 v3383 a

Three species of genus Diplocentrus are found in north-northwestern Honduras. These species represent the southern east limits of Diplocentrus’ distribution. In recent years, a broad survey of arachnids in Honduras has yielded a collection of several specimens of an undescribed species from two islands in northern Honduras. This new species represents the second species of the genus inhabiting an island. The present contribution describes this new species, and compares it against its most similar relatives. A dichotomous key for the identification of the species of Diplocentrus in Honduras is also included

1 aSagastume-Espinoza, Kevin, O.1 aLonghorn, Stuart, J1 aSantibáñez-López, Carlos, E uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/833002519nas a2200145 4500008004100000245015700041210006900198300001200267490000700279520195800286100003802244700002202282700002202304856004702326 2014 eng d00aPhylogeny of the North American scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Diplocentridae) based on morphology, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA0 aPhylogeny of the North American scorpion genus Diplocentrus Pete a257-2790 v723 a

The scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, endemic to North and Central America, is the most diverse in family Diplocentridae Karsch, 1880. There is considerable morphological variation among the species of Diplocentrus. It is necessary to test the monophyly and phylogenetic position of Diplocentrus in order to revise its diagnosis and taxonomic limits. The present contribution provides a phylogenetic analysis of 29 species of Diplocentrus, five exemplar species representing the three putatively most closely related diplocentrid genera, and an exemplar of a more distantly related diplocentrid genus. The analysis was based on 95 morphological characters and 4202 aligned nucleotides from DNA sequences of five markers in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Separate and simultaneous parsimony analyses of the morphological and DNA sequence data were conducted with equal weighting and six implied weighting regimes. The nuclear and mitochondrial DNA datasets were also analyzed separately and simultaneously with Bayesian inference. The resulting topologies recovered the monophyly of Diplocentrus, with the exception of two neobothriotaxic species from central Mexico, for which a new genus Kolotl Santibáñez-López et al., 2014, is justified. The keyserlingii group, as previously defined, was not monophyletic due to the placement of two species in the mexicanus group; the rest of its component species were monophyletic, however. A third clade was recovered that has not been previously recognized: the zacatecanus group, comprising four species from northern Mexico and the southwestern U.S.A. New insights are provided concerning relationships among Diplocentrus and the diplocentrid genera Bioculus Stahnke, 1968 and Didymocentrus Kraepelin, 1905, the phylogenetic positions of which were previously ambiguous.

1 aSantibáñez-López, Carlos, E1 aFrancke, Oscar, F1 aPrendini, Lorenzo uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/808700449nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006100041210006100102300001200163490000700175100002800182856012900210 1938 eng d00aArachnidi del Messico de Guatemala e Honduras Britannico0 aArachnidi del Messico de Guatemala e Honduras Britannico a251-2820 v771 adi Caporiacco, Lodovico uhttp://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/pdfliteratura/Caporiacco/Caporiacco%201938a%20Aracnidi%20del%20Messico.pdf00392nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001000202490000600212100002200218856004200240 1977 eng d00aThe genus Diplocentrus in the Yucatan Peninsula with description of two new troglobites0 agenus Diplocentrus in the Yucatan Peninsula with description of  a49-610 v61 aFrancke, Oscar, F uhttp://www.amcs-pubs.org/bul/bul6.pdf00719nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001200202490000700214520027600221100002400497856007600521 1988 eng d00aSix new species of Diplocentrus Peters from Central America (Scorpiones, Diplocentidae)0 aSix new species of Diplocentrus Peters from Central America Scor a153-1750 v163 aSix new species of Diplocentrus Peters, 1862 (D. lucidus and D. ornatus from Belize, D. coddingtoni, D. lourencoi, and D. santiagoi from Honduras, and D. steeleae from Mexico) are described. Notes clarifying the composition and distribution of this genus are also given .1 aStockwell, Scott, W uhttp://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v16_n2/JoA_v16_p153.pdf03639nas a2200145 4500008004100000245004200041210004000083300000900123490000700132520316900139653001403308100002203322700002403344856012503368 1987 eng d00aScorpions (Arachnida) from Costa Rica0 aScorpions Arachnida from Costa Rica a1-640 v253 a

The scorpion fauna of Costa Rica has received sporadic treatment in the literature. The only comprehensive report is that of Pocock (1902). In Biologia Centrali-Americana, he recorded four species of Buthidae from Costa Rica, three in the genus Centruroides Marx and one in Tityus Koch, based on less than a dozen specimens. Viquez (1935) listed nine species for Costa Rica but, as indicated below, his work is fraught with errors. Our study of hundreds of specimens from Costa Rica indicates that its scorpion fauna is more diverse than previously known. In this contribution, we propose one synonymy, we dismiss reports of six species for Costa Rica, we report for the first time three species for that country, and finally we describe three species new to science.

The fauna of Costa Rica as presently known includes representatives of four of the nine families of Recent scorpions, distributed among 14 species in seven genera. Much has been written about the role of Central America as a biogeographic barrier to marine organisms in the Pacific and Caribbean oceans, and its role as a bridge for the terrestrial biota of North and South America (for example, Marshall et al., 1982). As would be expected, the scorpion fauna of Costa Rica consists of a mixed assemblage of taxa with northern and southern affinities. The genus Centruroides (Buthidae) is diverse and abundant in North America and the Caribbean region. The genera Ananteris Thorell (Buthidae), Chactas Gervais (Chactidae), Opisthacanthus Peters (Ischnuridae), and Tityus Koch (Buthidae), are clearly South American, and their northern (or northwestern) limits of distribution are in Costa Rica. The genus Didymocentrus Kraepelin (Diplocentridae) is a circum-Caribbean element found in Central America and the Antilles. Finally, the species of Isometrus Hemprich and Ehrenberg (Buthidae) found in Costa Rica is a pantropical taxon widely dispersed by man. 

Aside from isolated taxonomic works, we are unaware of any other publications dealing with the biology or medical significance of scorpions in Costa Rica. Some members of the genera Centruroides and Tityus have neurotoxic venoms that can cause death in humans. Most of the species from Costa Rica are too rare and poorly known to state definitely their potential medical significance. Others are inferred (based on studies on congeneric species) to have low concentrations of, or altogether lack, neurotoxins and thus are of no medical concern. The venom of Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais), the only member of the Costa Rican scorpiofauna studied, has a low mammalian toxicity (Marinkelle and Stahnke, 1965). We hope that the taxonomic and distributional information presented herein will stimulate further research into the biology of Costa Rican scorpions.

10aScorpions1 aFrancke, Oscar, F1 aStockwell, Scott, A uhttp://www.mediafire.com/file/4yc4xkraa49716w/Francke1987TexTech_Scorpions_from_Costa_Rica_Francke_and_Stockwell_OCR.pdf00361nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006400041210006400105300000800169490000600177100002200183856004600205 1995 eng d00aBreve crónica de una expedición aracnológica a Nicaragua0 aBreve crónica de una expedición aracnológica a Nicaragua a2-30 v41 ade Armas, Luis, F uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/12102237nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012400041210007000165300001000235490000700245520166500252653001801917653001601935653001001951100002201961700002201983856006202005 1998 eng d00aLista anotada de los alacranes (Arachnida: Scorpiones) de América Central, con algunas consideraciones biogeográficas0 aLista anotada de los alacranes Arachnida Scorpiones de América C a23-380 v463 a

The poorly known Central American scorpiofauna (excluding Mexican lands) contains 38 species belonging to 11 genera, and 5 families (Buthidae, Chactidae, Diplocentridae, Ischnuridae, and Vaejovidae). Most of them (24 species) are Central American endemics. Centruroides, with 10 species, is the most diverse and widespread genus in this territory, whereas all the seven Diplocentrus species are restricted to the area. Didymocentrus, with two species, is the only scorpion genus that apparently has a Central American center of dispersion. Panama contains the highest diversity (17 species, 8 genera, and 4 families), but shows a low endemism (17,6 %), only higher than that of El Salvador (0 %). La poco conocida escorpiofauna de América Central (excluyendo los territorios mexicanos) está integrada por 38 especies que pertenecen a 11 géneros y 5 familias (Buthidae, Chactidae, Diplocentridae, lschnuridae y Vaejovidae). La mayor parte de estas especies (24) constituyen endemismos centroaméricanos. Centruroides, con 10 especies, es el género más diversificado y de más amplia distribución en este territorio; mientras que las 7 especies de Diplocentrus están restringidas a dicha área. Didymocentrus, con dos especies, es el único género de escorpiones cuyo centro de dispersión aparentemente se halla en América Central. Panamá tiene la más elevada diversidad (17 especies, 8 géneros y 4 familias), pero también posee uno de los más bajos niveles de endemismo (17,6 %), soló superado por El Salvador (0 %).

10aCentroamerica10aescorpiones10alista1 ade Armas, Luis, F1 aMaes, Jean-Michel uhttp://www.bio-nica.info/RevNicaEntomo/46-Scorpionida.pdf00419nam a2200133 4500008004100000245005300041210005100094250000600145260003100151300000700182653003000189100002000219856004600239 1999 eng d00aEscorpiones de Costa Rica (Costa Rica Scorpions)0 aEscorpiones de Costa Rica Costa Rica Scorpions a1 aHeredia, Costa RicabINBio a9010aEscorpiones de Costa Rica1 aVíquez, Carlos uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/10201065nas a2200121 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121300001200190490000700202520066200209100002000871856005200891 1997 eng d00aDescription of the male Diplocentrus lourencoi (Scorpiones, Diplocentridae)0 aDescription of the male Diplocentrus lourencoi Scorpiones Diploc a251-2560 v253 a

The male of Diplocentrus lourencoi Stockwell 1988 is described and illustrated from a specimen collected west of San Pedro Sula, Honduras, and compared to the holotype female and the male s of other Diplocentrus Peters 1861 in the region. The hemispermatophore is described, illustrated, and compared to other Diplocentrus in the region. Unique new characters on the male, posterolateral recesses on tergite VII, are described and illustrated. New descriptive information is given for the holotype female. Complete measurements and morphometrics are given for the male and female. A comparative diagnos is is offered based on this new information .

1 aMcWest, Kari, J uhttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/22648402332nas a2200193 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001300237490000600250520170000256653001301956653001901969653001301988653001502001653001702016100002002033700002402053856006102077 2002 eng d00aA revision of the scorpion fauna of Honduras, with the description of a new species (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Diplocentridae)0 arevision of the scorpion fauna of Honduras with the description  a111-127.0 v63 a

The order Scorpiones is monographically revised for the first time for Honduras. Nine species belonging to two families and three genera are recorded. Previous records of Centruroides nigrimanus (Pocock, 1898) and Centruroides limbatus (Pocock, 1898) from Honduras are herein discarded because they appear to be based on misidentified specimens of Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804); also, Centruroides koesteri Kraepelin, 1912 is recorded from this country for the first time, Centruroides exilimanus sp. n. is described from two localities in southern Honduras and the type localities of both Centruroides schmidti Sissom, 1995 and Didymocentrus nitidus (Hirst, 1907) are emended. Detailed distributional maps and an identification key are given for each species. El orden Scorpiones es revisado monográficamente por primera vez para la República de Honduras. Se registran en total nueve especies pertenecientes a dos familias y tres géneros. Los registros previos de Centruroides nigrimanus (Pocock, 1898) y Centruroides limbatus (Pocock, 1898) para Honduras son descartados, pues aparentemente se basaron en espec{\'ımenes de Centruroides gracilis (Latreille, 1804) erróneamente identificados; además, se registra por primera vez la presencia de Centruroides koesteri Kraepelin, 1912 en este pa{\'ıs, se describe Centruroides exilimanus sp. n. de dos localidades del sur hondureño y se hacen enmiendas a las localidades tipo respectivas de Centruroides schmidti Sissom, 1995 y Didymocentrus nitidus (Hirst, 1907). Se presentan mapas detallados de distribución y una clave para la identificación de cada especie.

10aButhidae10aDiplocentridae10aHonduras10aScorpiones10asistemática1 aTeruel, Rolando1 aStockwell, Scott, A uhttp://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/RIA_6/R06-011-111.pdf01950nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128300001000197490000700207520138100214653002001595653001901615653001401634653001301648100002201661700002201683856006301705 2009 eng d00aNueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae) de Guatemala0 aNueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters 1861 Scorpiones Scorpionida a67-720 v453 a

Se describen ambos sexos de una nueva especie del género Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae), del departamento Zacapa, región nororiente de Guatemala, la cual se distingue de casi todos sus congéneres conocidos por las punzaduras que cubren su cuerpo y apéndices, un carácter que la asemeja a Diplocentrus melici Armas & Mart{\'ın-Fr{\'ıas, 2004, del estado de Veracruz, México, de la cual se distingue por su menor tamaño, menor cantidad de dientes pect{\'ıneos y diferente fórmula de espinas tarsales. Se incluye una clave dicotómica para identificar las tres especies guatemaltecas del género Diplocentrus. Both sexes of a new species of the scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) is described from Zacapa Department, northeastern Guatemala. It is characterized by punctuation on the whole body, including appendages, a peculiarity shared with Diplocentrus melici Armas & Mart{\'ın-Fr{\'ıas, 2004, from Veracruz state, Mexico, but it is smaller and has a lower pectinal tooth count, as well as a different tarsal ventral spine formula. A dichotomic key is provided for identification of the three Guatemalan species of the genus Diplocentrus. Key words: Diplocentrinae, taxonomy, Central America, Guatemala.

10aCentral America10aDiplocentrinae10aGuatemala10ataxonomy1 ade Armas, Luis, F1 aTrujillo, Rony, E uhttp://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/BSEA45ARACNO/B45067.pdf01125nas a2200205 4500008004100000245011200041210007000153300001200223490000700235520047500242653002000717653001600737653001400753653001500767653001700782653001300799100002200812700002200834856006300856 2011 eng d00aDescripción del macho adulto de Diplocentrus maya Francke, 1977 (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae)0 aDescripción del macho adulto de Diplocentrus maya Francke 1977 S a139-1420 v483 a

Se describe el macho adulto de Diplocentrus maya Francke, 1977 y se aportan nuevos datos sobre este taxón. Se incluye una clave dicotómica para identificar las tres especies guatemaltecas del género Diplocentrus Peters, 1861. The male of Diplocentrus maya Francke 1977 is described, and new data are given on this taxon. A dichotomic key is provided for identification of the three Guatemalan species of the genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861.

10aCentral America10adescription10aGuatemala10aScorpiones10aScorpionidae10ataxonomy1 aTrujillo, Rony, E1 ade Armas, Luis, F uhttp://www.sea-entomologia.org/PDF/BSEA48ARACNO/B48139.pdf01547nas a2200193 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159300001200228490000700240520087700247653002001124653001901144653001601163653001301179100002201192700002201214700002401236856009301260 2011 eng d00aNueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) del noroeste de Alta Verapaz, Guatemala0 aNueva especie de Diplocentrus Peters 1861 Scorpionidae Diplocent a113-1170 v493 a

Se describe una especie nueva del género Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, sobre la base de dos espec{\'ımenes machos recolectados en la eco-región Lachuá, departamento Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Se distingue de D. maya Francke, 1977 por su coloración mucho más negruzca, los quel{\'ıceros reticulados, el tubérculo subaculear más aguzado, el tricobotrio Dt sobre el dedo fijo y otras diferencias morfológicas. A new species of the scorpion genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 is described from the ecological region of Lachuá, Alta Verapaz department, Guatemala. It resembles D. maya Francke, 1977, but differs from it by having a darker pattern of coloration, chelicerae with dark reticulation, a sharper subaculear tubercle, trichobothrium Dt on the fixed finger, and other morphological differences.

10aCentral America10aDiplocentridae10aMesoamerica10ataxonomy1 ade Armas, Luis, F1 aTrujillo, Rony, E1 aAgreda, Emmanuel, O uhttp://www.conap.gob.gt/Members/admin/documentos/planificacion/Diplocentrus%20lachua.pdf01654nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001600041245009600057210006900153260001200222300001200234490000700246520098300253653002001236653001801256653001601274653001501290653001701305653001301322100002201335700002201357856004501379 2012 eng d a1576 - 951800aDos especie nuevas de Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 (Scorpionidae: Diplocentrinae) de Guatemala0 aDos especie nuevas de Diplocentrus Peters 1861 Scorpionidae Dipl c12/2012 a131-1380 v213 a

Resumen: Se describen dos especies nuevas del género Diplocentrus Peters, 1861, sobre la base de tres hembras recolectadas en los departamentos Petén e Izabal, Guatemala. Por su aspecto general, la especie de Izabal se asemeja a D. lourencoi Stock- well, 1988, del mismo sistema montañoso (Cordillera del Merendón), pero en Honduras. La especie de Petén se asemeja a D. ma- ya Francke, 1977, que se distribuye en el sur de Belice (Toledo) y el nordeste de Guatemala (Petén e Izabal). Abstract: Two new species of the genus Diplocentrus Peters, 1861 are described on the basis of three female specimens from the departments of Petén and Izabal, Guatemala. The species from Izabal resembles D. lourencoi Stockwell, 1988, from the same range (Cordillera del Merendón) but in Honduran territory. The species from Petén resembles D. maya Francke, 1977, recorded from Belize (Toledo District) and north-eastern Guatemala (departments of Petén and Izabal).

10aCentral America10aDiplocentrini10anew species10aScorpiones10aScorpionidae10ataxonomy1 aTrujillo, Rony, E1 ade Armas, Luis, F uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/3101945nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136300001200205490000700217520128600224653002001510653001701530653001601547653001401563653001101577100001401588700002401602700001801626856008301644 2012 eng d a1678-919900aScorpionism in Central America, with special reference to the case of Panama0 aScorpionism in Central America with special reference to the cas a130-1430 v183 a

Scorpionism in the Americas occurs mainly in Mexico, northern South America and southeast Brazil. This article reviews the local scorpion fauna, available health statistics, and the literature to assess scorpionism in Central America. Notwithstanding its high toxicity in Mexico, most scorpion sting cases in Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica are produced by species in the genus Centruroides that are only mildly toxic to humans despite the existence of ion channel-active toxins in their venoms. Regional morbidity is low with the exception of Panama, where an incidence of 52 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was recorded for 2007, with 28 deaths from 1998 to 2006. Taxa belonging to the genus Tityus (also present in the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica) are responsible for fatalities in Panama, with Tityus pachyurus being the most important species medically. Most Tityus species inhabiting Panama are also found in northern South America from which they probably migrated upon closure of the Panamanian isthmus in the Miocene era. Incorporation of Panama as part of the northern South American endemic area of scorpionism is thereby suggested based on the incidence of these accidents and the geographical distribution of Panamanian Tityus species

10aCentral America10aCentruroides10ascorpionism10aScorpions10aTityus1 aBorges, A1 aMiranda, Roberto, J1 aPascale, J, M uhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1678-91992012000200002&script=sci_arttext