00381nas a2200109 4500008004100000245003000041210002900071300002300100490000600123100002000129856012200149 2003 eng d00aCosta Rica's scorpions IV0 aCosta Ricas scorpions IV a44-47, plus plates0 v81 aVíquez, Carlos uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/sites/arachnids.myspecies.info/files/Viquez2003Sklipkan_Costa_Ricas_Scorpions_IV.pdf02239nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210007000175260001500245300001200260490000700272520164000279100002401919700002501943700001901968700002301987856004702010 2015 eng d a1576-951800aPresas de escorpiones (Arachnida: Scorpiones) de Panamá, con observaciones sobre el comportamiento de depredación0 aPresas de escorpiones Arachnida Scorpiones de Panamá con observa c31/12/2015 a115-1230 v273 a

Se presenta el primer listado de presas de escorpiones en Panamá. La información está ligada a cinco años de mues- treos en 32 localidades a lo largo del país. También se registran observaciones sobre el proceso de depredación en la naturaleza y en el laboratorio. Se identificaron 23 morfoespecies de presas pertenecientes a 12 órdenes de animales: uno de reptiles y 11 de artrópodos (siete de insectos, dos de arácnidos, uno de crustáceos y uno de miriápodos). Estos resultados sirven de base para in- vestigaciones futuras, dirigidas a generar un mejor entendimiento de la ecología de estos arácnidos. Adicionalmente, se presenta un listado de presas de escorpiones en América Latina, compilado a través de una revisión bibliográfica. Finalmente, se incluyen fotografías de campo de los escorpiones en depredación.

The first list of the prey species of scorpions of Panama is presented. The information is linked to five years of sampling at 32 locations in the country. Comments on the process of predation both in nature and in the laboratory are also recorded. A total of 23 prey morphospecies were identified, belonging to 12 orders: one of reptiles and 11 of arthropods (seven of insects, two of arachnids, one of crustaceans and one of myriapods). These results provide the basis for future research, aimed at generating a better understanding of the ecology of these arachnids. In addition, we present a list of the prey species of the scorpions of Latin America, compiled from bibliographical sources. Finally, pictures of hunting scorpions in the field are included.

1 aMiranda, Roberto, J1 aBermúdez, Sergio, E1 aCleghorn, John1 aCambra, Roberto, A uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/844800464nas a2200121 4500008004100000245012600041210007000167300001000237490000700247100002600254700001500280856004700295 1984 eng d00aInventario preliminar sobre la fauna de escorpiones de Panamá con algunas consideraciones taxonómicas y biogeograficas0 aInventario preliminar sobre la fauna de escorpiones de Panamá co a85-930 v321 aLourenço, Wilson, R1 aMéndez, E uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/837300900nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009400041210006900135300001200204490000700216520048200223100002600705856004700731 1998 eng d00aConfirmation of a new species of Chactas (Scorpiones, Chactidae) to Panama and Costa Rica0 aConfirmation of a new species of Chactas Scorpiones Chactidae to a165-1720 v693 a

Se Describe e ilustra una nueva especie de alacrán, Chactas bonito sp. nov. de Panamá y Costa Rica. Se incluyden también algunos comentarios sobre la antigua especies de Werner, Iomachus exsul.

A new species of scorpion, Chactas bonito sp. nov. from Panama y Costa Rica, is here described and illustrated. Some comments concerning the old Werner's species Iomachus exsul are also included.

1 aLourenço, Wilson, R uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/819400365nas a2200109 4500008004100000245006100041210006100102300001200163490000700175100002600182856004700208 1996 eng d00aAdditions to the scorpion fauna of Panama and Costa Rica0 aAdditions to the scorpion fauna of Panama and Costa Rica a177-1810 v441 aLourenço, Wilson, R uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/819303639nas a2200145 4500008004100000245004200041210004000083300000900123490000700132520316900139653001403308100002203322700002403344856012503368 1987 eng d00aScorpions (Arachnida) from Costa Rica0 aScorpions Arachnida from Costa Rica a1-640 v253 a

The scorpion fauna of Costa Rica has received sporadic treatment in the literature. The only comprehensive report is that of Pocock (1902). In Biologia Centrali-Americana, he recorded four species of Buthidae from Costa Rica, three in the genus Centruroides Marx and one in Tityus Koch, based on less than a dozen specimens. Viquez (1935) listed nine species for Costa Rica but, as indicated below, his work is fraught with errors. Our study of hundreds of specimens from Costa Rica indicates that its scorpion fauna is more diverse than previously known. In this contribution, we propose one synonymy, we dismiss reports of six species for Costa Rica, we report for the first time three species for that country, and finally we describe three species new to science.

The fauna of Costa Rica as presently known includes representatives of four of the nine families of Recent scorpions, distributed among 14 species in seven genera. Much has been written about the role of Central America as a biogeographic barrier to marine organisms in the Pacific and Caribbean oceans, and its role as a bridge for the terrestrial biota of North and South America (for example, Marshall et al., 1982). As would be expected, the scorpion fauna of Costa Rica consists of a mixed assemblage of taxa with northern and southern affinities. The genus Centruroides (Buthidae) is diverse and abundant in North America and the Caribbean region. The genera Ananteris Thorell (Buthidae), Chactas Gervais (Chactidae), Opisthacanthus Peters (Ischnuridae), and Tityus Koch (Buthidae), are clearly South American, and their northern (or northwestern) limits of distribution are in Costa Rica. The genus Didymocentrus Kraepelin (Diplocentridae) is a circum-Caribbean element found in Central America and the Antilles. Finally, the species of Isometrus Hemprich and Ehrenberg (Buthidae) found in Costa Rica is a pantropical taxon widely dispersed by man. 

Aside from isolated taxonomic works, we are unaware of any other publications dealing with the biology or medical significance of scorpions in Costa Rica. Some members of the genera Centruroides and Tityus have neurotoxic venoms that can cause death in humans. Most of the species from Costa Rica are too rare and poorly known to state definitely their potential medical significance. Others are inferred (based on studies on congeneric species) to have low concentrations of, or altogether lack, neurotoxins and thus are of no medical concern. The venom of Centruroides margaritatus (Gervais), the only member of the Costa Rican scorpiofauna studied, has a low mammalian toxicity (Marinkelle and Stahnke, 1965). We hope that the taxonomic and distributional information presented herein will stimulate further research into the biology of Costa Rican scorpions.

10aScorpions1 aFrancke, Oscar, F1 aStockwell, Scott, A uhttp://www.mediafire.com/file/4yc4xkraa49716w/Francke1987TexTech_Scorpions_from_Costa_Rica_Francke_and_Stockwell_OCR.pdf02237nas a2200169 4500008004100000245012400041210007000165300001000235490000700245520166500252653001801917653001601935653001001951100002201961700002201983856006202005 1998 eng d00aLista anotada de los alacranes (Arachnida: Scorpiones) de América Central, con algunas consideraciones biogeográficas0 aLista anotada de los alacranes Arachnida Scorpiones de América C a23-380 v463 a

The poorly known Central American scorpiofauna (excluding Mexican lands) contains 38 species belonging to 11 genera, and 5 families (Buthidae, Chactidae, Diplocentridae, Ischnuridae, and Vaejovidae). Most of them (24 species) are Central American endemics. Centruroides, with 10 species, is the most diverse and widespread genus in this territory, whereas all the seven Diplocentrus species are restricted to the area. Didymocentrus, with two species, is the only scorpion genus that apparently has a Central American center of dispersion. Panama contains the highest diversity (17 species, 8 genera, and 4 families), but shows a low endemism (17,6 %), only higher than that of El Salvador (0 %). La poco conocida escorpiofauna de América Central (excluyendo los territorios mexicanos) está integrada por 38 especies que pertenecen a 11 géneros y 5 familias (Buthidae, Chactidae, Diplocentridae, lschnuridae y Vaejovidae). La mayor parte de estas especies (24) constituyen endemismos centroaméricanos. Centruroides, con 10 especies, es el género más diversificado y de más amplia distribución en este territorio; mientras que las 7 especies de Diplocentrus están restringidas a dicha área. Didymocentrus, con dos especies, es el único género de escorpiones cuyo centro de dispersión aparentemente se halla en América Central. Panamá tiene la más elevada diversidad (17 especies, 8 géneros y 4 familias), pero también posee uno de los más bajos niveles de endemismo (17,6 %), soló superado por El Salvador (0 %).

10aCentroamerica10aescorpiones10alista1 ade Armas, Luis, F1 aMaes, Jean-Michel uhttp://www.bio-nica.info/RevNicaEntomo/46-Scorpionida.pdf00419nam a2200133 4500008004100000245005300041210005100094250000600145260003100151300000700182653003000189100002000219856004600239 1999 eng d00aEscorpiones de Costa Rica (Costa Rica Scorpions)0 aEscorpiones de Costa Rica Costa Rica Scorpions a1 aHeredia, Costa RicabINBio a9010aEscorpiones de Costa Rica1 aVíquez, Carlos uhttps://arachnids.myspecies.info/node/10201040nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008900041210006900130300000800199490000800207520058100215100002000796700002500816856006500841 2011 eng d00aA checklist of the scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) of Panama, with two new records0 achecklist of the scorpions Arachnida Scorpiones of Panama with t a1-60 v1333 a

In the present note, we compile a checklist of all scorpion species recorded from Panama. A total of three families, five genera and 14 species are confirmed to occur in the country, and previous records of two other families, four genera, and nine species are discarded as misidentifications, mislabelings, or accidental introductions. Two Buthidae species are herein recorded for the first time from Panama: Tityus tayrona Lourenco, 1991 (so far known only from northern Colombia) and one apparently undescribed species of Ananteris Thorell, 1891.

1 aTeruel, Rolando1 aCozijn, Michiel, A C uhttp://www.science.marshall.edu/fet/euscorpius/p2011_133.pdf01945nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136300001200205490000700217520128600224653002001510653001701530653001601547653001401563653001101577100001401588700002401602700001801626856008301644 2012 eng d a1678-919900aScorpionism in Central America, with special reference to the case of Panama0 aScorpionism in Central America with special reference to the cas a130-1430 v183 a

Scorpionism in the Americas occurs mainly in Mexico, northern South America and southeast Brazil. This article reviews the local scorpion fauna, available health statistics, and the literature to assess scorpionism in Central America. Notwithstanding its high toxicity in Mexico, most scorpion sting cases in Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica are produced by species in the genus Centruroides that are only mildly toxic to humans despite the existence of ion channel-active toxins in their venoms. Regional morbidity is low with the exception of Panama, where an incidence of 52 cases per 100,000 inhabitants was recorded for 2007, with 28 deaths from 1998 to 2006. Taxa belonging to the genus Tityus (also present in the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica) are responsible for fatalities in Panama, with Tityus pachyurus being the most important species medically. Most Tityus species inhabiting Panama are also found in northern South America from which they probably migrated upon closure of the Panamanian isthmus in the Miocene era. Incorporation of Panama as part of the northern South American endemic area of scorpionism is thereby suggested based on the incidence of these accidents and the geographical distribution of Panamanian Tityus species

10aCentral America10aCentruroides10ascorpionism10aScorpions10aTityus1 aBorges, A1 aMiranda, Roberto, J1 aPascale, J, M uhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1678-91992012000200002&script=sci_arttext