Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz, 1847)
EOL Text
Yellow sac spiders prey upon anthropods such as leafhoppers (Erythroneura variabilis), fleahoppers (Pseudomatoscelis seriatus), fruit flies (Drosophila sp)and cotton plant bugs (Creontiades signatus) as well as eggs of lepidopterans such as Helicoverpa zea and Plutella xylostella. They have also been known to prey on other spiders including Anyphaena pacifica and Theridion melanurum. Aside from their predatory diet, these spiders consume nectar as they forage. Nectar consumption elevates fitness through increased survival, growth, and fecundity, especially during periods of prey scarcity. Incorporation of nectar into the diet can also accelerate sexual maturity and enhance offspring volume.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Plant Foods: nectar
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)
- Durham, S., A. Flores, D. Comis. 2009. Working After Hours: A Nighttime View of Insect Predation. Agricultural Research, 57/9: 453-461. Accessed February 08, 2012 at http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Working+After+Hours%3A+A+Nighttime+View+of+Insect+Predation&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Research&rft.au=Sharon+Durham&rft.au=Don+Comis&rft.au=Alfredo+Flores&rft.date=2009-10-31&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.issn=0002-161X&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=10&rft.externalDBID=GAGR&rft.externalDocID=216486743.
- Hogg, B., K. Daane. 2011. Diversity and invasion within a predator community: impacts on herbivore suppression. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48/2: 453-461. Accessed February 08, 2012 at http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+invasion+within+a+predator+community%3A+impacts+on+herbivore+suppression&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Ecology&rft.au=Hogg%2C+Brian+N&rft.au=Daane%2C+Kent+M&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd&rft.issn=0021-8901&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=453&rft.epage=461&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2664.2010.01940.x&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=JPE1940.
- Hogg, B., K. Daane. 2011. Ecosystem services in the face of invasion: the persistence of native and nonnative spiders in an agricultural landscape. Ecological applications, 21/2: 565-576. Accessed February 08, 2012 at http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ecosystem+services+in+the+face+of+invasion%3A+the+persistence+of+native+and+nonnative+spiders+in+an+agricultural+landscape&rft.jtitle=Ecological+applications+%3A+a+publication+of+the+Ecological+Society+of+America&rft.au=Hogg%2C+Brian+N&rft.au=Daane%2C+Kent+M&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.pub=Ecological+Society+of+America&rft.issn=1051-0761&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=565&rft.epage=576&rft_id=info:doi/10.1890%2F10-0496.1&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=259930191.
- Pfannensteil, R. 2008. Development of the Cursorial Spider, Cheiracanthium inclusum (Araneae: Miturgidae), on Eggs of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 43/4: 418-422. Accessed September 20, 2012 at http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/22695/PDF.
- Pfannensteil, R. 2008. Spider predators of lepidopteran eggs in south Texas field crops. Biological Control, 46: 202-208. Accessed September 20, 2012 at http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/17364/PDF.
- Silva-Torres, C., I. Pontes, J. Torres, R. Barros. 2010. New records of natural enemies of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Pernambuco, Brazi. Neotropical Entomology, 39/5: 835-838. Accessed September 20, 2012 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21120399.
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Yellow sac spiders are secondary consumers and are valuable anti-pest predators in agricultural ecosystems, particularly in vineyards, apple orchards and cotton fields.
Species Used as Host:
- Information not found.
Mutualist Species:
- Information not found.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
- Information not found.
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| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
As these spiders are nocturnal, hiding in their silken sacs during the day, protecting them from predation, there is currently no information available regarding specific predators of this species.
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| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
This species has eight simple eyes aligned in two rows of four, consisting of secondary and primary eyes. Secondary eyes are light sensitive and adept at tracking movement. Primary eyes are the only set of movable eyes and are used to view objects within a close proximity. Spiders can dectect touch, vibrations, and smells through various setae connected to their nervous system.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile
Other Communication Modes: vibrations
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; vibrations ; chemical
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| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
Mating season is assumed to be during the summer months, due to increasing populations observed during this time. After mating, females produce egg sacs within about 14 days, guarding the eggs and immature spiders for about 17 days, repeating this process multiple times during breeding season. Throughout develpment, yellow sac spiders undergo molting in order to grow, usually from within the protection of their silk sacs. These spiders overwinter as juveniles in the safety of these silk sacs, molting and achieving adulthood in late spring and emerging from the egg sac.
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| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
There is no currently available information regarding the lifespan of yellow sac spiders.
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| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
Males seek out females during breeding season (early summer) and up to 30% of males are killed and eaten by the females after breeding. Females typically mate only once but produce multiple egg sacs (as many as 5, each containing approximately 40 eggs) during June/July; they enclose themselves in the egg sac in order to defend the eggs/young.
Mating System: monogamous
Female yellow sac spiders desposit their eggs in loose silk sacs within their webs in June or July, roughly 14 days after mating. They then stay with their young for roughly 17 days. Males and females typically reach maturity at 119 days and 134 days respectively, though time until maturity varies from 65 to 273 days depending on environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, and day length).
Breeding interval: Breeding occurs once a year, with females depositing eggs 2-5 times during the breeding season.
Breeding season: Late spring to early summer.
Average gestation period: 14 days.
Average time to independence: 17 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 65 to 273 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 119 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 65 to 273 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 134 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous
Females remain in the egg sac for 17 days on average to protect their eggs and young.
Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Female)
- Barnes, J. 2003. "Arthropod Museum Notes: Agrarian Sac Spider" (On-line). Arthropod Museum, Dept. of Entomology, University of Arkansas. Accessed September 19, 2012 at http://www.uark.edu/ua/arthmuse/sacspider.html.
- Davis, R. 2008. "Yellow Sac Spiders" (On-line). Accessed March 25, 2012 at http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/yellow-sac-spiders08.pdf.
- Jacobs, Sr., S. 2006. "Commonly Encountered Pennsylvania Spiders." (On-line). Accessed March 25, 2012 at http://www.pestid.msu.edu/InsectsArthropods/YellowsacspidersCheiracanthiuminclusumandC/tabid/264/Default.aspx.
- Jones, S. 2004. Sac Spiders. Ohio State University Extension Factsheet, 2060A: 1-3.
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| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 4 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 5
Specimens with Barcodes: 19
Species With Barcodes: 1
This species currently has no special conservation status.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
| License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
| Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
| Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |