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Taxonomy
Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz, 1847)
EOL Text
This species currently has no special conservation status.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
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The Yellow Sac Spider (Cheiracanthium inclusum) is small and pale beige to yellow, often with a tinge of green. A distinctive darker lance-shaped mark runs down the midline of the forward portion of the upper surface of the abdomen. The dark brown chelicerae are large, elongate, and powerful and stand out against the paler body. Body length is around 4.9 to 9.7 mm for females and 4.0 to 7.7 mm for males (Kaston 1978).
Yellow Sac Spiders are often found running about on low trees and shrubs, where they make silken tubular retreats in rolled up leaves. During the day, they typically stay hidden in these retreats, coming out at night to hunt. During the winter, they build their tubular retreats under stones and tree bark.
Yellow Sac Spiders are found throughout most of the United States, with the exception of the northern tier of states (Kaston 1978). Although it has often been stated that their bites pose a danger to humans, the bite is apparently no worse than a bee or wasp sting (Fasan et al. 2008; Vetter and Isbister 2008), although in at least some cases symptoms may be quite unpleasant (e.g., Papini 2012).
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Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked
Yellow sac spiders (sometimes known as agrarian sac spiders) are found throughout North and South America, including Mexico and the West Indies, United States, and southern Canada. There are also accounts of yellow sac spiders being found in Africa, which indicates that it may be an introduced species to that continent.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); ethiopian (Introduced )
- Barnes, J. 2003. "Arthropod Museum Notes: Agrarian Sac Spider" (On-line). Arthropod Museum, Dept. of Entomology, University of Arkansas. Accessed September 19, 2012 at http://www.uark.edu/ua/arthmuse/sacspider.html.
- Hogg, B., R. Gillespie, K. Daane. 2010. Regional patterns in the invasion success of Cheiracanthium spiders (Miturgidae) in vineyard ecosystems. Biological Invasions, 12/8: 2499-2508. Accessed February 08, 2012 at http://apps.webofknowledge.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/full_record.do?product=BIOSIS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=2DKiHBFanE5MA7g8Hpm&page=1&doc=2.
- Jacobs, Sr., S. 2006. "Commonly Encountered Pennsylvania Spiders." (On-line). Accessed March 25, 2012 at http://www.pestid.msu.edu/InsectsArthropods/YellowsacspidersCheiracanthiuminclusumandC/tabid/264/Default.aspx.
- Jones, S. 2004. Sac Spiders. Ohio State University Extension Factsheet, 2060A: 1-3.
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Yellow sac spiders are regularly found in close proximity to humans, within homes or during outdoor activities. They possess a cytotoxic venom, which can have necrotizing effects. Although necrotic legions are rare, these spiders may be quite aggressive, particularly females defending eggs, and can administer painful bites that may require medical attention.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous ); household pest
- Smith, S., R. Wells, E. Smith, M. Foradori. 2005. Survey for potentially necrotizing spider venoms, with special emphasis on Cheiracanthium mildei. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP, 141/1: 32-39. Accessed February 08, 2012 at http://dl2af5jf3e.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Survey+for+potentially+necrotizing+spider+venoms%2C+with+special+emphasis+on+Cheiracanthium+mildei&rft.jtitle=Comparative+biochemistry+and+physiology.+Toxicology+%26+pharmacology+%3A+CBP&rft.au=Smith%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Smith%2C+Samuel+C&rft.au=Wells%2C+Roger+E&rft.au=Foradori%2C+Matthew+J&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.pub=Elsevier+Inc&rft.issn=1532-0456&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=32&rft.epage=39&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cca.2005.05.001&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=000230870400005.
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Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
Canada
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
United States
Origin: Native
Regularity: Regularly occurring
Currently: Present
Confidence: Confident
Type of Residency: Year-round
These spiders are vital predators of agricultural pests; their presences results in higher crop yields and greater financial gain.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
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Rights holder/Author | ©1995-2013, The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors |
Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
Yellow sac spiders are typically cream to light yellow in color, sometimes with an orange-brown stripe running lengthwise across the abdomen. While individuals are uniform in base color, their chelicerae, tarsi, and pedipalps are dark brown. The body color is partially determined by their diet; individuals known to feed on house flies are noticeably more gray in color, while those who feed on red-eyed fruit flies take on a reddish tinge, and so forth. Females are slightly larger than males, 5-10 mm and 4-8 mm, respectively. Although females' bodies are slightly larger and more robust, males have a larger leg span. The front pair of legs in particular are longer and are used in capturing prey.
Range length: 4 to 10 mm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
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Source | http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cheiracanthium_inclusum/ |
Cheiracanthium inclusum, alternately known as the black-footed yellow sac spider or the American yellow sac spider (in order to distinguish it from its European cousin C. punctorium), was formerly classified as a true sac spider (of the family Clubionidae), but now belongs to the long-legged sac spiders (family Miturgidae).[1] It is a rather small pale yellow species that is indigenous to the Americas and can be found living in the foliage of forests and gardens but also can inhabit human homes.[2]C. inclusum is also one of a handful of spiders found in North America whose bites are generally considered to be medically significant. C. inclusum is closely related to Cheiracanthium mildei, an introduced species native to Europe which is similar in appearance and natural history and can also be found in North American homes.[3]
Contents
Identification[edit]
Like all spiders, C. inclusum has two body segments: a cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and an abdomen. In females, the body measures between 5 and 9mm and in males, 4 to 8mm. The leg span however can be up to 1 inch (2.5 cm) with the front pair of legs being longer than the other 3 pairs.[4] Males tend to have a narrower body and a larger leg span than females.[2]C. inclusum gets its 2 common names (yellow sac and black-footed spider) from its appearance. It is a pale yellow-beige colour with dark brown markings on its palps, chelicerae (jaws) and on the ends of its tarsi (feet). There is also often an orange-brown stripe running down the top-centre of its abdomen.[3]C. inclusum has 8 similarly sized eyes, distributed in 2 parallel horizontal rows. However, ocular input is of minor import, due to the absence of light during the spider's nocturnal activities. The spider relies more on its palps, sensory structures just behind the chelicerae, on the cephalothorax, to sense its environment.[5]
Natural history[edit]
Distribution[edit]
C. inclusum are native to the New World (North, Central, and South America; and West Indies).[6] This species has also been introduced to Africa and Réunion.[7] They are most often found in trees and shrubs, but may also find shelter in houses and other human-made structures.[2]
Life cycle[edit]
Females of C. inclusum mate only once, and produce their first egg mass about 14 days after mating. Two sets of eggs are usually produced, but this can range anywhere from 1 to 5. Egg masses generally contain 17 to 85 eggs, although as many as 112 eggs have been reported in a single egg mass.[2] Egg laying generally occurs during the months of June and July; during this period, females lay their eggs in small (2 cm) silk tubes and enclose themselves with the eggs, protecting them from predators. Females stay with the eggs and juvenile spiders for about 17 days – until their first complete molt. Females which produce additional egg masses construct a second egg sac about two weeks after the juvenile spiders disperse. Males tend to become sexually mature earlier (119 days on average) than females (134 days on average), but time to maturity can range from 65 to 273 days, depending on a number of factors, such as temperature, humidity and photoperiod. C. inclusum spiders normally over-winter as adults or sub-adults.[6]
Behavior[edit]
Being nocturnal, C. inclusum feed and mate at night. C. inclusum do not make webs to catch prey; instead, they are active predators, feeding on a variety of arthropods such as insects and other spiders. Prey detection may involve detection of mechanical vibrations of the substrate, and vision seems to play an insignificant role.[8] During the day, they retreat in small silk nests similar to those used for reproduction. A new nest, which may be completely closed, open on one side, or open on both sides, is built every day in under 10 minutes.[citation needed]
C. inclusum are known to disperse easily between trees and shrubs. They do this by excreting a long silk thread that gets carried by the wind and sticks to a nearby structure, forming a scaffold between two structures. Alternatively, the spider may stay attached to the thread and balloon through the air.[6] These spiders are infamous for their vertical traveling attached to a silk string, which they use in order to both catch airborne prey, and keep out of reach of other predators, such as larger spiders, centipedes or ants.
Human impact[edit]
These spiders are venomous and are capable of biting humans. The venom is cytotoxic and contains several proteolytic enzymes including alkaline phosphatase, deoxyribonuclease, esterase, hyaluronidase, lipase, and ribonuclease. These enzymes can occasionally cause localized tissue necrosis (similar to, but not nearly as severe as a brown recluse envenomation). A bite begins with moderate pain, (in contrast to a brown recluse's painless bite) followed by itching. Symptoms usually resolve within 7–10 days. However, the spider rarely bites (with females biting more often than wandering males), and the venom rarely produces more than local symptoms.[9][10]
In March 2011, Mazda initiated a recall of 65,000 Mazda6 automobiles after webs of this species were found to have clogged fuel system ventilation tubes.[11] It is unclear why the spiders were drawn to build webs inside this particular vehicle, but the problem appeared to be widespread, though rare, across the United States.[12]Mazda initiated a recall of an additional 42,000 Mazda6 automobiles for the same reason in April 2014.[13]
References[edit]
- ^ Platnick, Norman I. 2007. The world spider catalog, version 9.5. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved on 2009-20-02.
- ^ a b c d Edwards, Robert J. (1958). "The spider subfamily Clubioninae of the United States, Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Clubionidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 118 (6): 365–436. OCLC 248254142.
- ^ a b "Miturgidae – Prowling Spiders". Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ "Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet – Sac Spiders". Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ "Glossary of Spider Terms". Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ a b c Peck, William B.; Whitcomb, Willard Hall (1970). "Studies on the biology of a spider, Chiracanthium inclusum (Hentz)". Bulletin (Agricultural Experiment Station) 753: 1–76. OCLC 4505537.
- ^ Rochat, J.; Gasnier, S. (2006). "Evaluation de l'impact des traitements de demoustication sur la faune d'arthropodes non-cible" (in French). Insectarium de La Réunion. [page needed]
- ^ Amalin, Divina M.; Reiskind, Jonathan; Peña, Jorge E.; McSorley, Robert (2001). "Predatory Behavior of Three Species of Sac Spiders Attacking Citrus Leafminer". Journal of Arachnology 29 (1): 72–81. doi:10.1636/0161-8202(2001)029[0072:PBOTSO]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 3706123.
- ^ Vetter, Richard S.; Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Bush, Sean P.; Boutin, Lisa J. (2006). "Verified bites by yellow sac spiders (genus Cheiracanthium) in the United States and Australia: where is the necrosis?". The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 74 (6): 1043–8. PMID 16760517.
- ^ Diaz, James H. (2004). "The global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of spider bites". The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 71 (2): 239–50. PMID 15306718.
- ^ "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Campaign ID #11V134000 – Mazda recall notice".
- ^ Hsu, Tiffany (March 3, 2011). "Mazda recalls 65,000 cars for spider problem". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "For Real? Mazda's latest recall due to a spider, man". April 5, 2014.
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